He Yu Ren Catches Snakes Twenty years ago, I went to the house of my Hezhe friends by the Wusuli River to have nothing to do. Then we went for a stroll by a small river in front of the village. The gurgling little river has clear water and rippling waves. I accidentally discovered that there was a single-plank bridge on the small river. The single-plank bridge was covered with moss. I stood for a while and was about to walk back when I suddenly found an unknown light blue flower on the other side of the river. Open, novel and unique. I want to pick a bouquet of flowers and take it back to my friend’s house and put it in a vase. Then I can write something in the light blue fragrance and it will definitely open up my mind. Thinking like this, I want to step on that single-plank bridge. Suddenly, there was a panicked shouting behind me. I turned around and saw a Heyu man behind me shouting like crazy in the local Hezhe language. I couldn’t understand the local Hezhe language, but I stood still because I was familiar with the man. He was the neighbor of my Hezhe friend. He waved his hands desperately to show me not to go to the other side. I was asking in confusion when I saw him squatting down, picking up a stone from the river and throwing it towards the single-plank bridge, hitting the bridge. At this time, a miracle happened, and the single-plank bridge fell into the river with a plop. At this time, the river was rolling, and I clearly saw that there wereEthiopians in the river. EscortA giant snake as thick as a bucket raised its head from the high ground, spitting out a long message and pounced on me. My neighbor of the Hezhe tribe picked me up and ran away. I was shocked and could only I heard him say while running: “I know this giant snake. I have been dealing with it for more than ten years. It is extremely cunning. It often dives into the bottom of the water, then floats up gently, letting the moss in the water cover its body, and then uses its mouth to It bites the tree stump on the shore, wraps its tail around a small tree on the other side, and uses the previous form to disguise it as a single-plank bridge. People or other animals can walk on its back, and then quickly slide towards the river. Here, it devours prey that fell into the water. Over the years, it has devoured thousands of livestock. “My scalp was numb when I heard it. If the Hezhen friends and neighbors hadn’t discovered it earlier, the consequences would have been unimaginable. That night, my Hezhen neighbor told my Hezhen friend about my story of Ethiopia Sugar Daddy. He was surprised and happy after hearing it. . What was shocking was that I almost died in the snake’s belly. If danger really happened, how would I explain it to my friends from the Provincial Writers Association? Fortunately, he finally found the big snake he dreamed of, so he discussed with his neighbors about catching snakes. If you’rEthiopians Escorte not moving forward, you’re falling back.. Unexpectedly, his neighbor shook his head like a salesman and said: “I can’t do it, I can’t do it! This guy is the biggest snake I have ever seen in my life. He is the king of snakes! Not only is he very powerful, but he is also very smart. He’s just a treacherous person. It’s a fool’s errand to capture it!” I tried to provoke him and said, “Isn’t there anything you can do?” It’s said that all He Yuren are masters of catching snakes!” “In the past, He Yuren used to catch snakes for a living. Snake catching was also He Yuren’s favorite adventure activity and the most dangerous occupation.” I interjected and asked, “You ordinary people. How did you catch the giant snake? “It’s a very dangerous job to get into the snake hole. The giant snake knows how to use it.” href=”https://ethiopia-sugar.com/”>Ethiopia Sugar‘s teeth bite the snake catcher to death, or it may use its powerful body to strangle the snake catcher tightly, thereby making it “He died of suffocation.” “The giant snake can dig holes without claws?” I asked again. “It has no claws, so of course it can’t dig a hole. This guy is the most lazy guy in the country and never digs a hole. In the summer, when the female snake is about to lay eggs, it seizes the holes dug by badgers, rabbits or foxes. Cave, after eating them, they occupied their cave, how barbaric!” The Hezhen friend took over the words: “The Hezhe people can catch snakes, and few people die from catching snakes, but with the civil war, With recent economic development, people’s livelihoodEthiopians Sugardaddy is getting wider and wider, and now there are fewer and fewer hunters who make a living by catching snakes, whoET Escorts I am willing to make fun of my life. My nephew used to be a good snake catcher, but now he has changed his job as a motorcycle transporter. Maybe he will agree to help because of my dignity. Ethiopia Sugar Daddy The next day, the Hezhen friend went to ask his nephew to help catch the giant snake. At noon, there was a sound of motorcycles inside. , a Hezhe young man drove over on a motorcycle, with my Hezhe friend Ethiopia Sugar sitting on the back seat. DaddyHe brought with him a hollow oak tube and a thick long glove made of cowhide. I asked Hezhe curiously.Ethnic friend: “What is this thing for?” he laughed humorouslyEthiopia Sugar Daddy laughed and said coquettishly: “Of course it is something useful. You will understand it by then.” In the afternoon, the Hezhe friends invited two more Hezhe youths to serve as assistants. A large wooden cage was made of solid oak wood. It was obvious at first glance that it was used for hunting giant snakes. The neighbor of the Hezhen couple acted as a guide. After some searching, the group of six finally found Go confidently in the direction of your dreams not far from the river bank. Live ET Escorts the life you have imagined. There is a bucket-sized earth hole at the foot of a hillside, with newly dug mud piled beside the earth hole. The mud in front of the cave entrance was smoothed by rubbing. My friend from the Hezhe tribe told me: “This was all polished by the giant snake when it came in and out of the cave.” As he said that, he leaned down, sniffed into the cave, and said, ” There is a strong fishy smell in this hole. This guy is hatching eggs in it. Let’s not disturb it. Get it done quicklyEthiopia Sugar prepares the task.” After saying that, his assistants began to dig holes next to the soil hole with hoes, and soon dug two waist-deep soil pits on both sides of the soil hole. They also used fire to burn the thorny hillside Ethiopia Sugar in front of the cave entrance, opening a path of about tens of meters leading to the giant snake cave. At this time, my friend’s nephew put on the long leather gloves he brought from home and wrapped ponytails around the gloves. The Hezhen friend brought the hollow oak tree tube brought by his nephew and put it on his nephewEthiopia Sugar Daddy. The friend’s nephew said to the invited assistant: “You two Ethiopians Sugardaddy are waiting on both sides. In the middle of every difficulty lies oppoEthiopians Sugardaddyrtunity. Peace, Others went to a farther place to avoid. I went into the hole and pulled the guy out, and you immediately rushed to help me dress him up. Do you understand? “His two assistants Ethiopians Escort replied: “Understood!” “The others all retreated to a huge rock, waiting for this thrilling human-snake battle. “Why did he get into the snake hole before the torch was lit? “I looked at the dark entrance of the cave and felt worried for the nephew of my Hezhe friend. The Hezhe friend explained: “We can’t light the fire now. We have to pay attention to the opportunity to light the fire. My nephew had to crawl quietly into the hole where the guy was incubating eggs and was in a drowsy state. When he quietly climbed to the top of the cave and found the place where the giant snake hatched its eggs, he suddenly lit the torch, so that the dazzling flames made the guy unable to open his eyes. He then grabbed the giant snake’s neck with his other handEthiopia Sugarsub. Because he couldn’t see the situation clearly, the giant snake could only open its mouth and bite randomly like a blind man. My nephew was in trouble at the moment ET Escorts a>Stretch out the other hand of the cowhide glove and let it bite. In this way, the ponytail wrapped around the cowhide glove hooks its barbed teeth, and it can’t let go even if it wants to! You don’t know, this guy’s teeth are the most sensitive. Once he is caught by the horse’s tail hair, his whole body will be so soft that he dare not move. In addition, the hole is straight, and there is nothing for it to wrap its long body in the hole. It is fixed, and the bottom of the hole is slippery. My nephew is pulling it out of the hole step by step like a tug of war. Just wait and watch the fun! “While I was talking, I suddenly saw the feet of my Hezhen friend’s nephew wearing sneakers, and gradually, it was revealed that he was wearing a hollow oak tube. I was so shocked that I lay behind my Hezhe friend and didn’t dare to look. The Hezhe friend pushed me away. He came to the front, held my hand and said: “Brother, you should bravely raise your head and watch this most thrilling, comforting and wonderful scene.” Otherwise, your visit to the Hezhe clan will be in vain, and you will regret it for the rest of your life! “I raised my head and took a look. At this time Ethiopians Escort, the nephew of the Hezhen partner had already pulled the giant snake out of the hole. The most dangerous thing When the time comes, the giant snake becomes extremely ferocious as soon as it is dragged out of the cave. It struggles hard and starts to attack people! href=”https://ethiopia-sugar.com/”>Ethiopians EscortHelp pull the giant snake away, and the snake catcher will be strangled by the giant snake and die.However, the nephew of the Zhe clan friend was lying on the ground and did not stand up. He held the giant snake’s neck tightly with one hand, and let it bite tightly with his gloved hand, and tightly protected his head. As soon as the giant snake was pulled out of the hole, its body stood up, and its tail repeatedly hit the body of the Hezhe friend’s nephew, but most of them hit the empty oak tree tube on his body, leaving no room for the oak tree. Life has no limitations, except the ones you make. Escortsdid not harm a single hair of the Hezhen partner’s nephew. It wasn’t until it was exhausted from fighting that the Hezhe friend’s nephew suddenly stood up when he saw the heat was coming. At this time, the giant snake thought there was an opportunity, and its long body immediately coiled around. The nephew of a friend from the Hezhe tribe immediately held the animal’s head tightly with his leather-gloved hands and tightly protected his neck. The giant snake tightened itself around the oak tree tube, getting tighter and tighter. Without the protection of the hollow oak tree tube, his bones and muscles would have been crushed by this powerful squeeze. At this time, the other two assistants who were lying in the pit at the entrance of the cave jumped out of the pit. One tied a rope to the neck of the giant snake and pulled it tightly, and the other pulled its tail and shook it repeatedly with force. At this time, I sincerely Ethiopia Sugar Daddy was convinced by He Yuren’s trick of catching snakes, because snakes are most afraid of being pulled by people and their tails will tremble. The joints in the giant snake’s body were pulled so hard that they rattled. Opportunities don’t happen, you create them. href=”https://ethiopia-sugar.com/”>Ethiopia SugarA puddle of mud. For just a moment, the giant snake was pushed away in circles by the Ethiopia Sugar guy who kept shaking his tail, and was finally pulled away completely. Ethiopia Sugar DaddyStraight. Three young men, one raised his head, one rested on the ground, and the other held Ethiopians Sugardaddy by its tail and smoothly put it into the big tree.Cage. He Yurenmei It always seems impossET Escortsible until it’s done. Li’s snake-catching battle ended neatly. Twenty years passed in a flash. Today, the giant snake captured by He Yuren is still living happily in the snake house of the city zoo. Every time I look at it, it raises its head and stares at me for a while. I thought, the giant snake is a spiritual animal, does it still know me? Still ET Escorts remember who invited it here twenty years ago? Friends of the Hezhe tribe disagreed. He laughed at my sentimentality: “Do you remember the story of the farmer and the snake? What a complete nerd!”
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張海英:世界變局找九宮格交流中的晚明社會–文史–中國作家網
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- 03/22/2025
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《重寫晚明史》由《晚明年夜變局》《新政與亂世》《朝廷與黨爭》《內憂與內亂》《王朝的惱》五卷本組成,全書兩百余萬字,圖文并茂,篇帙眾多,刻畫了處于汗青轉型階段的晚明社會在政治、經濟、思惟、文明等方面的宏大變更,抽像再現了在“晚明汗青年夜變局的帷幕漸漸拉開”之際,明王朝在內憂內亂雙重壓力之下走向消亡的汗青過程。全書視野坦蕩,文筆活潑細膩,讀后令人扼腕。 若何懂得“晚明年夜變局” 第一卷《晚明年夜變局》是五卷本《重寫晚明史》的核心,可視為全書的導論,是懂得晚明史的要害。在這一卷中,作者繚繞“海禁—朝貢”體系體例的衝破、卷進全球化商業的海潮、繁華的江南經濟與晚期產業化及晚明思惟束縛的潮水、西學東漸、文人結社等篇章,論述晚明社會的宏大變更,并以為這種劇變是前所未見的,具有劃時期的意義。全書最凸起的特色,是將晚明史的研討置于全球史佈景中,從“全球化”的角度追蹤關心晚明社會的變更,從而懂得晚明年夜變局。 “晚明年夜變局”這一提法給我們帶來了更廣大的研討視野,它不再純真地從傳統中國社會內涵變遷的角度看題目,而是追蹤關心到了外來的、“全球化”的影響,“晚明的年夜變局天然不是中國際部靜靜產生,而是有世界佈景的,或許說是活著界潮水的激蕩下逐步浮現的”。這是較之以往在研討視角上的極年夜拓展。 以全球史的視野不雅之,晚明所處的時段,恰是新航線開辟后的全球化起步階段。15世紀末、16世紀初的地輿年夜發明,進一個步驟打破了世界各地的隔斷狀況,開闢了世界市場,使各個國度的生孩子和花費都加倍具有世界性意義。故而有近代晚期的全球化最早始于經濟的全球化之說。“那時不只附近的國度要與中國堅持朝貢商業,或許以私運商業作為彌補,並且遠遠的歐洲國度、美洲國度都卷進與中國的長途商業之中,使以絲綢為主的中國商品廣泛全世界,而作為付出手腕的占全世界產量三分之一或四分之一的白銀則源源不竭地流進中國。”這一切,都安慰了中國西北沿海商品經濟的成長,并將中國市場卷進全球商業的收集之中,江南經濟成為中國最早卷進經濟全球化的地域之一。明清江南市鎮的鼓起與江南經濟的繁華,與其生絲、絲綢、棉布、瓷器等商品的出口連續增加,不有關聯。是以,那時的中國,固然當局仍是奉行閉關政策,但現實上中國的經濟已開端融進全球化的商業收集之中。 同鴉片戰鬥以后中國大批白銀不竭外流繼而帶來的經濟幾近瓦解比擬,晚明時代中國的對外商業交通,是一種無可爭議的光輝。這一時代的中國經濟佈滿活力,社會佈滿活氣,也佈滿了成長的機會。史景將就曾說過,“十六世紀早期,明朝似乎進進了光輝的顛峰。其文明藝術成績惹人注視,城市與貿易的繁華標新立異,中國的印刷技巧、制瓷和絲織業成長程度更使同時代的歐洲難以看其項背”。同時,晚明社會思惟束縛潮水及對外來文明的包涵度也是超越我們想象的,這闡明中國在經濟上融進世界的同時,在文明上也開端接收外來文明,慢慢走向融進世界的經過歷程。這是晚明年夜變局的深意地點。 關于“新政與亂世” 第二卷《新政與亂世》的重點是張居正的改造。在作者看來,萬歷朝可謂有明一代最為繁華興盛的一段時間,是中國融進世界、與全球經濟產生親密關系的時期,也是中國隨同“西學東漸”而產生劇變的時期。這時代,萬歷初年,由張居正縱橫捭闔、勞瘁心骨掌管的萬歷新政及由此帶來的一系列影響,無疑是最為值得追蹤關心的。 關于萬歷新政,以往給大師印象最深的是經濟上的一條鞭法等辦法。實在,萬歷新政中最震動那時晚明政壇的是考績法。 萬歷新政之前,明當局面對著皇室驕縱,庶官失職,吏治沿襲,邊備松馳和國用缺乏等諸多艱苦,那時的宦海,官員“毀譽掉實”,“名與實爽”,公函政治風行,權要主義、文牘主義、情勢主義泛濫。對此,張居正提出了“國度興亡,重在吏治;朝廷盛衰,功在財務”的對策,繚繞吏治和財務停止改造。吏治整理的準繩是“綜核名實”,“精核吏治,章之以雷電”,“用人唯才”。當局對各部機構和官員采用按期考核和隨事考績的綜合考察,檢討名實,信賞必罰。誇大公詮選,專責成,行久任,嚴考核,年夜破常格地停止政治改革,力爭從軌制上防范玩忽職守的景象。應當說,考績法的實行仍是富有成效的,那時“鉅細臣工鰓鰓奉職,中外淬礪,莫敢有偷心”。萬歷新政時代成為明代汗青上繼洪武朝之后,又一個宦海行政效力比擬高的時代。 新政在經濟上不只把一條鞭法由南邊推行到了南方,並且由于開源節省左右開弓,財務赤字漸趨消散,為明當局集聚了巨額財富,處理了瀕臨破產的財務危機。史稱太倉粟可支數年,府庫積金不下四百余萬。是以,萬歷時代成為明朝最為富庶的幾十年,決不是偶爾的。可是,由于聞風而動的改造樹敵過多,張居副本人又以威權震主而獲罪于天子,跟著張居正出人意表的忽然長眠,他一腔血汗苦心建樹的新政,也隨之付諸流水。十年新政,毀于一旦。 萬歷新政的掉敗,緣由是多方面的。從軌制設定的角度言之,新政只能是那時傳統政治體系體例內的一種調劑行動,而這種體系體例內的調劑畢竟是無限度的,它要遭到既得好處團體等多方面制約,而這些都是那時的改造者難以超越的一道坎。終極,改造無法完成令傳統體系體例擁有自我順應和自我調劑的才能,而僅僅依靠于體系體聚會場地例內小我的知己與威權,則不免人亡政息的掉敗命運。 值得留意的是,書中還在翔實文獻材料的基本上,從長時段政治文明與民眾心態的角度,以白描式的纖細伎倆,經由過程那時、當事人的言談評論,特殊是新政經過歷程中繚繞張居正“奪情”的爭議,從另一層面為我們展現了新政實行的艱巨性,讓人們實其實在地感觸感染到:軌制缺點當然是新政掉敗的主要緣由,同時,在傳統社會中,人們對于舊價值理念的習氣性迷戀,社會總體的倫理價值取向,傳統思想定式的強盛阻力,城市成為影響改造成敗不成疏忽的原因。 新政的掉敗,給晚明社會帶來了難以估計的負面影響。起首,張居正身后的小我喜劇,極年夜地好轉了晚明的宦海生態。張生前榮蒙隆恩圣眷、逝世后天子翻臉無情的悲涼下場,令繼任者們深認為戒。他們不再象往日那樣婉言諫舞蹈教室諍,勤懇敬業,而是變得警惕謹嚴,唯唯喏喏,只需可以或許敷衍皇上和朝臣,也就苟且偷生。而隨后而來的“倒張活動”,抽像再現了在中國現代社會,天子一言定法或廢法的時期,改造往往政以人舉也必將以人亡的喜劇性終局。同時,由此激發的朝中年夜臣彼此譭謗的昭雪風,則開啟了晚明政壇的派系門戶之爭。士年夜夫們意氣用事,爭名逐利,相互進犯,長短不分。這種“黨同伐異”之風在隨后的晚明政治中愈演愈烈,致使朝政在派系斗爭和“朋黨”政治的泥塘中越陷越深。 此前的“萬歷三年夜征”已將萬歷新政的經濟盈利基礎耗盡,現在的朝堂黨爭更是將萬歷新政帶來的社會新景象折騰得蕩然無存。這是張居正的喜劇,也是晚明當局的喜劇,它掉往了一次最好的復興機遇。后來,當明思宗“撫髀思江陵,而后知,得庸相百,不若獲救時相一也”時,已是年夜勢已往,無可挽回了。…
王軍:找九宮格會議室《雪后》別記–文史–中國作家網
- admin
- 03/03/2025
- 1 min read
《雪后》手稿首頁、末頁 中國古代文學館館躲 一 “幾年來,常是悼念著南方。人問:‘為什么?’本身也不年夜說得下去。有時想,生怕是念南方的冷、南方的雪罷。” 農歷尾月初八的上午,在宗璞師長教師的居處,中國古代文學館的李博士正附在她的耳邊,讀《雪后》手稿的段落。宗璞師長教師的氣色很好,精力頗佳,聲響也明朗,只是聽力略差些,要附在耳邊大聲措辭。 “顛末半年不安寧的生涯,總算假寓在這親熱的地盤上了。” 這“不安寧”的半年,是在1946年。昔時5月,宗璞師長教師從東北聯年夜附中結業。5月下旬,她隨怙恃分開昆明到重慶。宗璞師長教師回想,他們先從昆明走公路到重慶,在重慶候機一個多月。重慶氣象熾烈,每餐都要站起往來來往洗三四次臉,否則汗就會滴到碗里。7月下旬,她由重慶返北平。8月,父親馮友蘭師長教師赴美國講學。秋天,她考進南開年夜學外文系。 李博士持續讀道:“于是便總愛問人:‘怎么還不下雪?’氣象一天天的冷,冷到人心底上,骨髓里,而我所渴望的一片雪白,一直還沒有此刻面前。” 早些時辰,中國古代文學館舉行了宗璞創作八十年座談會,宗璞師長教師親臨現場。她那時說:“八十年,路似乎很長,又似乎很短,一會兒就到了此刻。盼望本身的作品能做到雅俗共賞。” 《雪后》恰是一篇做到雅俗共賞的文章。 “凌晨,陰森沉的。忽聞聲同窗們喊:‘下雪了,下雪了!’狂喜涌上心頭,可是,我卻閉目領略了許久這愿看已成實際,而實際還未在面前的快活,我可貴那時的心境,不愿即刻往迎接那飄動的白花。” 李博士一邊讀,一邊告知宗璞師長教師哪些是被李廣田教員圈點過的。實在,通篇簡直都被李廣田師長教師圈點過了,密密層層。 在《雪后》的文末,宗璞師長教師寫道:“想寫信告知昆明的友人,我找到了我愛的南方。”旁邊,照舊是李廣田師長教師滿滿的圈點。 二 這部《雪后》是未刊稿,作于1946年冬天,手稿現躲于中國古代文學館,被定為國度三級文物。手稿的第一行繁體豎排寫著“雪后…
現代臘日是哪找九宮格一天–文史–中國作家網
- admin
- 03/10/2025
- 1 min read
明天是2025年的第二天,農歷也已進進尾月。舊時,進進尾月,有一個最主要的節日要慶賀,那就是臘日。關于臘日的時光,良多人以為是尾月初八,並且成書于南北朝的《荊楚歲時記》就已經如許記錄:“十仲春八日為臘日。”實在否則。《荊楚歲時記》記錄的只是南北朝時代楚地過臘八等節日的風氣。從西周至唐宋,臘日的詳細時光,分歧的朝代是紛歧樣的,就是統一朝代,它每一年的詳細時光也不是固定的。 各個朝代斷定臘日的方式很有興趣思,它們的根據是傳統文明中的“五德終始學說”。其年夜意如下:木、火、土、金、水所代表五種德性,稱為“五德”,它周而復始地輪迴運轉,王朝是以興替。各朝都有本身的“德”,《史記·秦始皇本紀》載:“始皇推終始五德之傳。認為周得火德,秦代周德,從所不堪。改年始,朝賀皆自十初一。衣服旄旌節旗皆上黑。”秦始皇以為周是火德,而水能滅火,所以秦代替周后,應是水德。漢代則以為:“(漢)伐秦繼周,木生火,故為火德。”之后的朝代,隋為火德、唐為土德、宋為火德。 “五德終始學說”同時也以為,德在運轉中是有“衰日”的,如火衰于戌日、土衰于辰日。而“王者各以其行盛日為祖,衰日為臘”,也就是帝王把本身所屬德之“衰日”,作為臘日。 周代,皇帝、諸侯在臘日舉辦年夜蠟祭,祭奠眾神,蒼生也介入此中狂歡。《禮記》曾記錄子貢不雅看魯國的年夜蠟祭后,收回“一國之人皆若狂”的感嘆。但五德學說一向到戰國末期才呈現,在秦代才被采用,所以周代的臘日究竟在哪一天,此刻無從得知。 漢代屬火德,普通以尾家教月里的第三個戌日為臘日。東漢《說文解字》載:“臘,冬至后三戌,臘祭百神。”出土的漢代竹簡“歷日”(即此刻的日歷)也證明了這個說法。好比永光五年(前39年)歷日中記有:“(十仲春)十七日丙戌,臘”,臘日正好標誌在冬至后的第三個戌日;出土于敦煌淨水溝的地節元年(前69年)木簡歷日,由于昔時是閏歲,第三個戌日為尾月初五,離春節尚早,所以規則這一年的第四戌(尾月二十七)為臘日,正如南宋末《古今事文類聚》所說:“古法遇閏歲即以第四戌為臘,不成在十一月也。” 作為主要的節日,天然要好好慶賀一番。漢代的臘日,和后來歡度大年節的範圍相當,臘日的前五天即開端殺豬宰羊,《四平易近月令》中說,“十仲春臘日,薦稻雁。後期五日1對1教學殺豬、三日殺羊,前除二日,齊、饌、掃滌、遂臘先祖、五祀。”那時,臘日的前一天,還要舉辦驅儺典禮,目1對1教學標是驅趕疫鬼,如《后漢書》載:“季冬之月,星回歲終,陰陽以交,勞農年夜享臘。先臘一日,年夜儺,謂之逐疫。”此外,人們還在這一天團圓、宴飲,如蔡邕所說:“歲終年夜祭,縱吏平易近宴飲。”漢代史猜中記錄了不少團圓的例子,如苛吏嚴延年、太尉張酺都曾在臘日與遠方的親人團圓。東漢時代的年夜臣第五倫(字伯魚,京兆長陵即今陜西咸陽人),還曾因多年的臘日無法和母親一路過節,而“常悲啼流涕”。 唐代屬土德,慶賀臘日的每日天期和漢代紛歧樣了,以辰日為臘:“土始于未,盛于戌,終于辰,故鄉行之君,以戌祖,以辰臘。”實在不但唐代以辰日為臘,唐之后的五代戰亂頻繁、宋朝初年全國甫定,都沒有更改年夜唐的這一軌制。 敦煌遺書中,有不少手工繕寫的唐、五代以及宋初的歷書,臘日都是在冬至后的第三個辰日。此中,《梁貞明九年癸未歲具注歷日》(923年),在十仲春旬日的庚辰日之下,標注了“臘”;雍熙三年(986年),這一年十一月十四為冬至,十仲春十一日甲辰是冬至后的第三個辰日,《雍熙三年具注歷日》則在此日標注了“臘”;端個人空間拱二年(989年),十一月十五為冬至,十仲春廿日戊辰是冬至后的第三個辰日,《端拱二年己丑歲具注歷日》也在此日標注了“臘”。 唐代,到了臘日這一天,會舉辦各類隆重的典禮,感激上天賜賚的豐產和祖先的護佑。宮廷“蠟百神、祀社稷、享太廟”,也就是祭奠各方神靈、土神和谷神、皇室祖先;還會犒賞表裡官員面脂、口脂、紫雪、紅雪等“護膚保健品”,以及鐘馗像、年歷等年貨。平易近間會舉辦驅儺、圍獵等運動,還會制作臘酒、臘藥、臘肉。臘日圍獵,在唐代很風行,其本意是為了“野獵禽獸以享百神”,但更多的是體驗圍獵經過歷程的樂趣。唐詩中有不少臘日圍獵的場景,如“騎將獵向城南隅,臘日射殺千年狐”(岑參《玉門關蓋將軍歌》)、“圍合繁鉦息,禽興年夜旆搖”(劉禹錫《連州臘日不雅莫徭臘西山》)、“野外狐貍搜得盡,天邊鴻雁射來稀”(姚合《臘日獵》)等。 唐代,犯了罪的人,在臘日會獲得兩天假期,《唐六典》記錄:“臘、冷食各給二日,不得出所役之院。” 固然唐代之后,臘日的影響變小,但臘日在宋代仍存。宋屬火德,以戌日為臘,北宋歐陽修等編修的《太常因革禮》的《有司臘日百神于南郊》篇記錄,太常博士奏請:“今后,蠟百神、祀社稷、享太廟,請同用戌。”這個提議獲得了天子的批準。南宋的《夢粱錄》也說起:“自冬至后戌日,數至第三戌,即是臘日,謂之君王臘。”可見,宋朝初期的一段時光,是以冬至后的第三個戌日為臘日的。 宋初,臘日這一天,朝廷仍然會舉辦祭奠典禮,也會在臘日里犒賞官員,“賜宰執、親王、三衙從官、內侍省官并外閫(kǔn)、前宰執等臘藥”。但臘日在平易近間的影響逐步下降,特殊是到了南宋,唐代那些熱烈的平易近間運動都已不見蹤跡。這可以從記載宋代風俗的幾部古籍中看出,如《武林往事》對平易近間的臘日運動只字未提,只說:“禁中以尾月二十四為末節夜,三旬日為年夜節夜,呈女童驅儺,裝六丁六甲六神之類。”看起來本屬臘日的驅儺典禮,曾經融會到節夜中。《夢粱錄》也沒有提到專屬于臘日的風氣,只說:“尾月內可鹽豬羊等肉,或作臘、法魚之類,過夏皆無破壞。惠平易近局及士庶制臘藥,俱無蟲蛀之患。” 元明兩代,官方的臘祭廢除,臘日曾經名不副實。跟著臘八節的昌隆,臘日逐步與臘八節融為一體。元明清的臘日,多半是指臘八節。《明實錄》中,尾月初八這一天,有二十余次記錄:“臘日,賜文武群臣瑜伽教室宴。” 清初曾長久恢復臘祭,不外在乾隆時也被撤消。《清史稿》記錄:“乾隆十年,詔罷蠟祭。”從此,官方不再舉辦祭奠,就連平易近間的祭神運動“報賽”也一并制止。臘日從此名實俱不存了。 總之,臘日在漢代、唐代和宋代的時光并不固定。或許,恰是由於時光不固定,加上典禮散雜,所以宋代以后,它逐步被時光固定、典禮感更強的節日代替了。