[Zhang Jieyu Duan Yeping Liu Tiantian Gu Wenjun] Research on the spatio-temporal distribution and architectural form of the Ethiopian Suger Baby Hall

Research on the spatio-temporal distribution and architectural form of the Hand-Waving Hall

Author: Zhang Jieyu, Duan Yeping, Liu Tiantian, Gu Wenjun

Source: The author authorized Confucianism.com to publish

Hunan University of Science and Technology Architecture major student research group for this project

Project Completer: Zhang Jieyu, Duan Yeping, Liu Tiantian, Gu Wenjun

Instructor: Professor Yang Jian

Summary of content: Yongshun, Western Hunan, since ancient times It has been the settlement of the Tujia people since ancient times. The Waishou Hall is a symbol of the Tusi system. It is a religious building of the Tujia people that integrates customs, education, sacrifices, and entertainment. It not only has a long history, but is also widely distributed. However, due to the influence of the Qing Dynasty’s policy of “reforming native land and returning it to local people”, the popular chieftain system in Yongshun was abolished. In order to educate the Tujia people and vigorously promote the “Confucianization” of Xiangxi society, the Qing government issued an order to ban many religious memorial activities and customs of the Miao people. Suffering severe impact and damage, the world has changed and time has changed, and Waishoutang has increasingly entered the stage of historical civilization. In recent years, with the rise of traditional cultural craze and folk entertainment, hand-waving halls have returned to people’s memories, and the construction of hand-waving halls has been resumed in many places in western Hunan. However, since there is no hand-waving hall left over from ancient times, the shape of the hand-waving hall is different. This article studies the spatiotemporal distribution and architectural form of the Waving Hand Hall, a disappeared classical religious building, through field surveys and literature review, in order to gain a general understanding of this ancient architectural form.

Keywords: The spatio-temporal distribution of the architectural form of the hand-waving hall in Yongshun, Western Hunan Province

1Research background and significance

1.1.1 Introduction to the research project

Yongshun area in western Hunan from the Yuan Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty (Today’s Yongshun, Longshan, Baojing, Sangzhi, Guzhang and other places) implemented a highly autonomous “chieftain system [①]” and were the settlements of the Tujia people. According to Qianlong’s “Yongshun County Chronicle” and Guangxu’s “Longshan County Chronicle”, a religious building characterized by worshiping ancestors (deceased township officials) is popular in this area, called the “Tuwang Temple”, and because of its “langchang” (formerly known as the “Langchang”) Ping) is the place where villagers dance the “Waving Dance [②]”, so it is often called “Waving Hall” among the people. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, the imperial court pursued the policy of “reforming native officials and returning them to local officials”, and native officials were abolished. The architectural type of Waishoutang began to gradually fade out of people’s sight. This project is to understand the spatial distribution and architectural form of this lost classical religious building.

1.1.2 Current status of research at home and abroad

1) Regarding the situation of Tujia people in western HunanThere is no research on the spatiotemporal distribution and architectural form of hand halls in the academic circle. Among them, the monograph “Cities and Vernacular Architecture in Western Hunan” (1995) by Wei Yili of Tianjin University and others briefly introduces Ethiopia Sugar The basic situation of Tujia hand-waving halls was introduced, but no detailed analysis was made; Yao Jingjing’s master’s thesis of South China University of Technology, “Research on the Construction Technology of Tujia Folk Residences in Western Hunan” (2012), analyzed the Tujia Diaojiao Houses The construction techniques were introduced on a case-by-case basis, but the architectural type of hand-waving hall was not touched upon; the research team of Hunan University and Central South University published a two-volume book “Huxiang Architecture” in 2013, which was the result of the year. A comprehensive night-scale study did not make a detailed analysis of Waishoutang; Tsinghua University Zhou Ting’s doctoral thesis Ethiopians Sugardaddy “Xiangxi Hunan” “Research on the Adaptive Mechanism of the Evolution of Tujia Architecture” (2014), conducted an on-site assessment of several hand-waving halls in Yongshun and Longshan and other places in western Hunan (such as Shuangfeng Village, Matizhai, Liye, Laoche River), and It pointed out that in recent years, hand-waving halls have been built in various places with different shapes, but it did not go into the study of spatiotemporal distribution and architectural form.

2) The academic research on the original religious architecture of ethnic minorities is in the ascendant stage and can provide important reference for this project. Among them, Lu Qun’s National Social Science Foundation project “Research on the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Traditional Religious Temples and Temples of Ethnic Minorities in Western Hunan and Their Impact on Regional Society” is a representative example. This project has produced a number of results, which can be found in his papers “Discussion on the Spatial Distribution and Civilization Connotation of the Miao Altar ‘Jong’ in Laershan” (2016), and “Analysis on the Spatial Distribution of Religious Altars in Huoluping Miao Villages” (2017). This idea of ​​​​combining the study of spatial and temporal distribution of buildings with the study of socio-economic civilization can provide an important ideological reference for this project.

1.1.3 Current Development Trends

Currently, academic research on traditional Chinese architectural forms has become increasingly enriched. It can provide important reference for this project. Among them, the “Ningbo Baoguo Temple Main Hall Survey Analysis and Basic Research” jointly completed by the Institute of Architecture of Southeast University and the Baoguo Temple Ancient Architecture Museum (completed in 2012 under the leadership of Zhang Shiqing) can be regarded as this type of research representative results. His rigorous attitude, prudent approach, and reasonable deduction set a benchmark for subsequent research. Relevant research methods and ideas can be used as the main reference source for this project.

In summary, although the research on the spatiotemporal distribution and architectural form of Tujia hand-waving halls in western Hunan is relatively weak, on a national scale, there is little research on the primitive ethnic minorities. The study of religious architecture is in its infancyDuring the period of Ai, the research on traditional Chinese architectural forms has been increasingly enriched, which can provide a reference and good academic foundation for the research and development of this project. This determines the need and feasibility of this project.

1.1.4 Discussion Significance

With the continuous development of urban modernization in our countryEthiopians Escort, especially since the reform and opening up, our country’s economy has developed rapidly and urbanization has continued to advance. The rapid economic development has not only brought about the increasing improvement of people’s living standards, but also brought about a series of problems. Specifically: with the development of urbanization, various buildings have formed inherent forms and lost their novelty. In some cities, due to the rapid development of the tourism industry, it is not uncommon for people to destroy ancient buildings. Xiangxi, which once had mysterious local cultural characteristics due to inconvenient road conditions and slow development, has also experienced a serious crisis as people continue to explore. Buildings have been destroyed and civilization has been forgotten. It is urgent to save the civilization and architecture with regional characteristics.

1.2 Research content and objects

1.2.1 Research content

This article is based on “Research on the Spatio-temporal Distribution and Form of the Hand-Waving Hall”. Spatiotemporal distribution specifically includes geographical distribution and the status of construction, destruction and repair. Architectural form includes aspects such as layout, performance, space, structure and form.

Based on literature review and field investigation, analyze the spatial distribution of hand-waving halls from ancient times to the present, draw a spatio-temporal distribution map of hand-waving halls, and on this basis, study the hand-waving halls. The evolution process of the shape of the hall is analyzed, and the changes in layout, structure and other aspects of the Waishou Hall are analyzed.

1.2.2 Research Objects

The research objects of this paper are local documents in Western Hunan and the actual architectural objects of the Hand-waving Hall in Western Hunan . From a time point of view, that is, from the origin of its architecture to the present, that is, the entire evolution process from self-construction to development and maturity and then change; from a regional point of view, Xiangxi is used as the regional setting, and specific cases are selected in Yongshun and Longshan. premises.

Xiangxi is the general name for western Hunan, and its scope has developed into many concepts. This survey is in what people usually call Xiangxi, that is, the Wuling Mountains area in Hunan. Wuling Mountain branches from Miaoling in Guizhou and runs between the Yuan and Wu rivers. The Yuan River is its eastern boundary and faces Xuefeng Mountain across the water; the Wu River is its western boundary and it faces Dalou Mountain across the river; and its northern boundary is on the Qingjiang River. , the southern boundary is Miaoling. It connects the four provinces of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou, running in the northeast-northeast direction, with an area of ​​about 100,000 square kilometers.

Yongshun is a county under the jurisdiction of the Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, located in the northern part of the autonomous prefecture. Neighboring Zhangjiajie Yongding District to the east, connected to Longshan and Baojing counties to the west, Sangzhi to the north, Guzhang to the south, and Yuanling County to the southeast. The total area is 3810 square kilometers, which is 17.6% of the area of ​​Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture. Including 30 towns and 327 village (neighborhood) committees. The total population is 429,700, of which 387,700 are ethnic minorities, accounting for 90.24%. The majority are Tujia, with a total of 350,800, accounting for 81.64%. The rest are Han, Miao, Hui, Bai, Yao, Dong, etc. 21 ethnic groups.

Longshan, Longshan County has a total area of ​​3,131 square kilometers, jurisdiction over 21 towns (streets), 397 villages (communities), a total population of 610,000, and a permanent population of 48.18 Thousands of people. Longshan is located in the southeastern border of Hunan and is one of the most remote counties (cities) in the province. It is located in the hinterland of Wuling Mountain and is home to the four provincial capitals of Changsha, Wuhan, Chongqing and Guiyang as well as Jishou, Zhangjiajie, Enshi and Qianjiang. The geometric center of the five prefecture-level cities of Tongren and Tongren is the intersection of the Guizhou-Zhangjiang-Changzhou Railway, Ji’en Expressway, and Zhangnan Expressway. It is historically known as the “Conduit of Hunan, Hubei, and Sichuan”. The population of 16 ethnic minorities, mainly Tujia and Miao, account for 81% of the county’s total population; it is one of the birthplaces of Tujia. Longshan County has Liye-Wulongshan National Scenic Area, Xiangxi Four Famous tourist resources include the ancient city of Liye, one of the largest ancient towns, Taiping Mountain, the “Holy Land of Buddhism”, and Jabala. Longshan is the core area of ​​Qin Bamboo Bamboo Slip Culture, the birthplace of Tujia Culture and a rich area of ​​red culture. It has 40 properties including “the hometown of Chinese folk culture and art”, “the hometown of Chinese Tujia hand-waving dance” and “the hometown of Chinese Tujia brocade”. More than one national brand.

1.3 Research Method

1.3.1 Literature Review

Based on the records of local literature in western Hunan, we investigated the age, location and scale characteristics of the Waishou Hall, and gained a preliminary understanding of the structure, function and other aspects of the architectural form of the Waishou Hall.

1.3.2 Combination of on-site survey and on-site interview

Combined with the records in the literature and reviewing relevant papers, through on-site survey and on-site interview On-site interviews were used to determine the specific location of each hand-waving hall and determine its general construction and renovation status.

1.3.3. Spatiotemporal distribution research

Based on the above research, determine the spatiotemporal distribution of each hand-waving hall . Draw a spatial and temporal distribution map to provide theoretical basis for subsequent conclusion analysis.

1.3.4 Restoration of architectural form

Proceed from five aspects: layout, efficiency, space, structure, and form. Hands, analyze the important characteristics of the Tujia waving hand hall, an architectural type, in order to restore the basic shape of each waving hand hall (including architectural remains and new objects).

1.3.5 Deduction of history of change

In the above discussion of time and space distributionOn the basis of this, combined with the similarities and differences in the basic shapes of each WaiShouTang, the history of the architectural form changes of Tujia WaiShouTang is deduced.

1.4 Research feasibility analysis and paper innovation points

1.4.1 Research objectives

This project attempts to use local documents and architectural objects in the Yongshun area of ​​western Hunan to specifically examine the spatiotemporal distribution and architectural form of the Wailing Hand Hall during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, in order to explore the history and architectural form of this original religious architectural type of the Tujia people. Civilization and technological characteristics.

1.4.2 Study feasibility

1) Combining literature review and on-site research to determine the feasibility of each hand-waving hall spatiotemporal distribution.

2) Combining literature review and on-site research to restore the basic architectural form of each hand-waving hall.

3) Combining the study of time and space distribution with the study of architectural form to deduce the history of architectural form changes of the Tujia Waving Hand Hall.

1.4.3 Important issues that need to be resolved

1) Determination of geographical location. Modern administrative divisions are not exactly the same as today’s administrative divisions. Records of geographical locations in local documents are often relatively simple, so on-site surveys are needed to determine the specific locations of each hand-waving hall.

2) Determination of historical evolution. The Waishoutang is a primitive religious building in minority areas. It has long been excluded by the mainstream culture in China. There are many gaps in local documentary records. Therefore, it is necessary to combine on-site interviews to determine its general construction, destruction and repair conditions.

3) Restoration of architectural form. After the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty pursued the policy of “reforming the native land and returning it to the locals,” Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism and other religious beliefs in the Central Plains were introduced in large numbers. The original religious beliefs represented by Waishou Hall were excluded by mainstream culture, so the physical remains have not been preserved. From time to time, its architectural form is also inconclusive. In recent years, a large number of hand-waving halls have been built in various places, but their shapes are different, presenting a colorful situation. Therefore, it is necessary to restore its architectural form by studying the currently preserved architectural remains and newly built architectural objects.

1.4.4 Innovation points of the paper

The research of this project is based on local documents and physical remains. In order to make up for the lack of local documents and physical remains, this project proposes the following three innovations:

1) Geological research based on on-the-spot investigation. “Compare it with documentary records to determine the specific status of each waving hands hall.

2) On-site interviews with local experts and elders, combined with local literature records, to determine Ethiopians Sugardaddyits general construction, destruction and repair situation. Ethiopians Sugardaddy

3) Research on form changes based on the assessment of architectural remains and new buildings , not only studies the architectural remains of the Ming and Qing dynasties, but also studies new architectural objects in recent years, in order to restore their architectural forms and deduce the history of their form changes.

1.5 Research Paper Framework

The research framework of this paper is mainly divided into three parts:

The first part is the elaboration of background theory. The important content is some preparation before the seminar, the method of the seminar and the results we want to get. The concept of spatio-temporal distribution of WaiShou Hall was proposed, and the shape of WaiShou Hall was discussed.

The second part is a detailed analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution and shape research of the Waishoutang. Based on the results of our field survey and mapping, we analyze the characteristics of the Hand-Waving Hall from different aspects and analyze the reasons for the different shapes of the Hand-Waving Hall.

The third part is a summary of the content of our research, analyzes some existing problems, proposes some response strategies for the current situation of the hand-waving hall, and will protect and replace new materials. The concept was implemented into subsequent discussions.

Chapter 2 The spatio-temporal distribution of Waishoutang

2.1 Longshan Area

2. Ethiopians Escort1.1 Liye Ancient Town

Liye Ancient Town is located in Longshan County. It is an important Tujia settlement area, with Changtan, Yanchong and Jia within its jurisdiction. The Tujia language is still widely used in places such as Shitutuping and Shanshuping. In the past, almost every village in the territory would have a hand-waving hall, but now many of the hand-waving halls have been demolished. Ethiopia Sugar Daddy was built in the Ming Dynasty Tutuping Waving Hand Hall has been preserved until the end of the last century. Among them, the Changtan Luohu Hand-Waving Hall is one of the five large hand-waving halls in southeastern Hunan. It is spacious and huge and commemorates the eight kings, the ancestors of the Tujia people. “Shousi Tu Caiyi thought about it without hesitation, which made Lan Yuhua dumbfounded. The people of Fusi Tusi were ungrateful and waved in the same song; Feng Baman blessed the eight barbarians and eight barbarians to celebrate the good harvest together.”, just like Tang According to the couplet, the Big Waving Festival at Luohu Lake starts every year on the second day of the first lunar month and gathers on the third day of the lunar month. In the past, it was hosted by Peng and Tian from 8 surrounding villages in turn. The most distinctive one is the “Pig Sacrifice”. It is to use the method of “drawing lots”Go to select the pig sender for next year’s event, and make a wish to the eight great gods in the hand-waving hall, praying for good weather, abundant harvests, and peace and prosperity for the country and people in the coming year. Obviously it has the color of Nuo civilization. The four famous landscapes of Liye: there are jade rock slabs in front, eight sides of mountains behind, a carp pond above, and a beach blocked by mother-in-law trees below. The “carp pond above” refers to the Liuping Waving Hand Hall. .

Figure 1 Waving Hands Hall in Liye Ancient Town

Picture 2 Waving Hands Hall in Liye Ancient Town

Picture Source: Photographed by the author

The Waving Hand Hall was built during the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty and is dedicated to General Carp, the statue of Lu Dongbin and the Lingguan Bodhisattva. Anyone who kills chickens or sheep in Liye must go to the Waishou Hall to slaughter them. It is currently under construction and repair for the Liye Management Committee. It is 25 meters long and 7.5 meters wide. It is majestic with carved beams and painted buildings. The ancestors of the Tujia people-the eight kings are worshiped in the hall. There are two golden dragons holding the pillars on the door pillars of Waishou Hall. The roof is in the form of a top of a hill with four layers of eaves, which is very impressive. In front of the Waishou Hall is a Waishou Ping, which is a venue for holding memorial ceremonies and celebrations. There is also a flagpole in the square in front of the hall, which should be used to hang sacrificial flags or Tujia flags during memorial ceremonies. According to data, the dragon and phoenix flags or flying tiger flags are used as the memorial flags. The Tangqian Square is the largest one during our research. The internal structure uses a bucket-type frame as the exhaust fan. This is different from the traditional bucket-type frame. In order to increase the internal space, the traditional bucket-type structure reduces the inner columns and picks out horizontal arches layer by layer from the front and rear eaves. The wooden ends of each layer of arches support vertical columns (melon columns) that do not fall to the ground. The columns support the purlins, and the melon columns are penetrated and tied by layers of arch logs to form a bucket-type structure. The interior of this hand-waving hall is mainly supported by pillars at both ends. The purlins are placed directly on the column heads. The pillars are connected in series along the direction of the purlins to form an overall frame, forming a unit of row fans. The entire building has four rows of fans and three rows of fans. The bay structural system is similar to that of a traditional stilted building. However, in order to increase the internal space of this hand-waving hall, vertical columns were added between the pillars, which were raised layer by layer. The interior of the building is spacious and bright. The building structure has a diagonal shape that is very rare in traditional wooden frame buildings. After prediction, because the internal space is too large, the oblique components are added to ensure the stability of the internal structure of the building.

In the internal corridor The overhanging eaves and draped eaves are connected, which not only protects the building from wind and rain, but also ensures its aesthetics. The hanging flower decorations on the eaves pillars are also mainly pumpkins and pine cones, symbolizing the Tujia people’s wonderful wishes for good weather and abundant harvests.

Picture 4 hanging flower decoration

Picture source: Photographed by the author

2.1.2 Xiche River Town

1) Laoche River Scenic Area

Laoche River is another name for Xiche River. It is the focal point of the prosperity of Tujia civilization. Laoche Village is located in the middle of the Xiche River Basin, with open terrain on both sides, picturesque countryside, surrounded by green mountains on all sides, and surrounded by clear water on three sides. Along the three banks of the river, there are willows hanging on the ancient wooden banks, and reeds and reeds blooming on the river beaches and sandbanks. Wooden tile houses in Tujia cottages are built against mountains and rivers; flocks of white cranes look down at the blue sky. So, can you stop doing it and do it yourself? “Flying gracefully…”

The “Rebala” hand-waving hall is located near the river at the entrance of the village. The simple and elegant hand-waving hall with three-story overhangs and raised corners is beautiful and generous. The whole body of the hand-waving hall The exterior is a wooden structure, and the interior has been reformed and repaired to a brick wall structure. The original structure inside is no longer visible. The internal memorial area is not full-height like other waving halls. It is only one floor high. There is a staircase on the left side of the interior, which can be climbed up. On the second floor, the row of brick and tile houses in the south is between the Laoche Village Office and tourists. At the time of the survey, only three Tujia god statues were visible inside, which were still under maintenance. It is wide open and is also a place for local people to hold memorial activities.

Figure 5 Laoche River Waving Hand Hall

Picture source: Author’s own photo

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Figure 6 Inside the Laoche River Waving Hand Hall

Picture source: Self-photographed by the author

2) Car Wash River

The construction of the large hand-waving hall in Car Wash River was completed in 2015. There is an empty space in front of the hand-waving hall. The Waishou Ping, where memorial ceremonies are held on Tujia Sheba Day, is also called the March Hall. It is three stories high and is relatively grand. However, compared with the traditional Waishou Hall, this Waishou Hall is too large. Modern, the structure is no longer a traditional wooden structure, all use cement brick walls, continuing the traditional function of the Wailing Hand Hall, but the structure and shape are very different from the traditional Waving Hand Hall, there is no memorial area in the center. Place statues of Tujia gods

Picture 7 Car Wash River Waving Hand Hall

Picture source: Author’s own photo

2.1.3 Matizhai

The Matizhai Big Hand-waving Hall was first built in Zedongping, and moved to Xiangjiazhai during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty.

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There is such a mythical story circulated in the Nongche and Bai area: According to legend, the eight kings are eight twin brothers who gave birth to a childEthiopians Escort The eight sons thought they were monsters, so they abandoned them in the wilderness. From time to time, white tigers passed by and saw that they were all fat and thin, and they were about to go up and have a full meal. Suddenly, a golden dragon flew from the east, and a golden phoenix flew from the east. The white tiger saw it and started fighting with the dragon. The phoenix flew with one wing, like a hen hatching her chicks. The party protected the eight brothers, and the white tiger tucked its tail and ran away. The eight brothers were nursed by the dragon and hatched by the wings of the phoenix. They grew tall and tall, and were extremely powerful. Catching a tiger was like catching a tiger. ://ethiopia-sugar.com/”>Ethiopians SugardaddyLittle ET Escorts Cat, pull up a big tree like I also made a special contribution to my mother, flying in the mountains, running in the river, and letting my mother taste all kinds of flavors. She also asked my mother what she wanted to eat, and she joked smoothly: “My mother wants to eat thunder cock meat.” . “I didn’t expect that these eight sons who were not afraid of heaven and earth would really catch Lei Gong. From then on, the eighth brotherHis brother became so powerful in Badong that he became the leader of eight tribes, the eight kings worshiped by the Tujia people. According to this myth and legend, the Tujia people have the belief of worshiping dragons and phoenixes and the ancient custom of chasing and killing white tigers. [③]

Figure 8 Aerial view of Matizhai Waving Hand Hall

Picture source ET Escorts: https://www.sohu.com/a/334335065_209323.

The three-dimensional building of the big hand-waving hall in Matizhai is symmetrical about the central axis , the building stands on the platform, so there are large steps in front of the building, which makes it more solemn and solemn. The building faces south from the north, with two golden dragons holding the pillars on the main gate, holding up the plaque of “Big Hand-waving Hall”. In addition to the main gate, there are two doors on the left and right, called the East Gate and the West Gate. When waving, press the east in and west out directions. Order revenue and expenditure. The east gate and west gate are shorter, and the lintels read “Good weather” and “Guotai Minan” respectively. Climbing up the steps, there is a trapezoidal Dapingba inside, which is used during hand-waving activities. The pingba is surrounded by corridors.

Picture 9 Divine Bird

Picture source: Author’s own photo

There is a mast standing in the middle of Daping. More than ten feet high. There is a sacred bird on the top of the pole, which looks like a phoenix Ethiopia Sugar Daddy but not a phoenix. It looks like a crane but not a crane. It is the mascot of the Tujia New Year’s Eve Hand-Waving Competition. . Regarding this, basically there are the following three opinions in the Nongche, Bai Na, and Changtan areas. One is a symbol of the return of the ancestors riding a crane to participate in the Tujia hand-waving competition where heaven and man are happy together, and humans and gods are happy together; the second is a symbol of the eight kings receiving the favor of the phoenix hatching; the third is that according to legend, the Tujia people were hit by a flood a long time ago. Only when a divine bird that looked like a phoenix but not a phoenix, or a crane but not a crane, guided them, did they get out of the flood zone and settle down in the Youshui River Basin. In addition to the above three statements, it may also be related to the Chu people’s custom of respecting and worshiping phoenixes. A bucket-type wooden frame was used inside the main building. Later, after repairs and renovations, a brick wall structure was used in the internal memorial area, and some three sectionsEthiopia Sugar Daddy story, and the rest is two stories high. This large hand-waving hall is very grand in terms of spatial layout, but the festival Ethiopia Sugar The brick wall structure was used for the maintenance of the memorial hall, which destroyed the specific wooden structure of the original hand-waving hall. It felt not so coordinated and lost some aspects. Some traditional colors just improve performance.

Figure 10 Inside the Matizhai Waving Hands Hall

Figure 11 Matizhai’s New Year’s Eve Hand-waving Hall

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Picture source: Self-photographed by the author

2.1.4 Agricultural Vehicle Village

Based on on-site interviews, history There used to be a hand-waving hall on the mountain, but its shape and status are difficult to distinguish.

2.1.5 Jiajia Village

Same as above. .

2.2 Yongshun area

2.2.1 Laosicheng (constructed by Master Wang Chengxin’s team in recent years)

The Waishou Hall is located in the old Sicheng ruins of Sicheng Village, Lingxi Town, Yongshun County. It was originally located on Yacao Cao at the foot of Bauhinia Mountain about 500 meters away. The year of its construction is unknown. It is said that it was the chieftain. Relics. According to local people’s memories, the Waishou Hall was moved to its current location during land reclamation in the 1960s.

The entire Waishou Hall consists of the main building, the corridor and the There are three important components of the mast Sanger in the middle. The main building has two floors. The interior is dedicated to the Tujia gods Peng Duke, Xiang Laoguan and Tian Haohan. It is a place for chieftains to hold memorials and celebrations.

Figure 12 Old Sicheng Waving Hand Hall

Picture source: Self-photographed by the author

2.2.2 Furong Town

Furong Town was originally called Wangcun is an ancient town with a history of more than 2,000 years. It is also known as the “thousand-year-old town hanging on the waterfall” because of the magnificent waterfall passing through it. It is located in Yongshun County in the Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in western Hunan. Waishou Hall is located in the middle scenic area of ​​Furong Town Scenic Area.

The main building of Waishou Hall is four stories high, and the niches on both sides are one storey high. The four-story overhanging eaves and raised feet look full of style. The internal structure adopts the method of combining beams and passages, which is combined with other Wagshou Hall. What is different from the hall is that the entire main building has a base of more than one meter high. There are stairs on both sides to enter the interior of the hand-waving hall. The building is covered with pumpkin lanterns and the memorial area is hung with ribbons. The hand-waving hall is more like a stage. There are no Tujia gods enshrined inside the building. There is a waving platform in front of the waving hall, which is currently a venue for holding activities inside the scenic spot.

Figure 13 Furong Town waves Hall

Picture source: Author’s own photo

2.2.3 Shuangfeng Village (built by Master Peng Shanyao’s team in recent years)

Shuangfeng Village is located on a hill with an altitude of more than 800 meters, reflecting the living characteristics of “Tujia villages have been scattered in valleys since ancient times, and the residence must be tall.” Shuangfeng Village is one of the most complete villages with Tujia customs and culture in China. Due to its remote location and inconvenient road conditions, Shuangfeng Village is still hidden deep in the mountains of Yongshun in western Hunan, and it still retains its ancient simplicity. Original Tujia customs and folk customs.

Ethiopia Sugar DaddyAccording to data, the Shuangfeng Village Waving Hand Hall was built in the Ming Dynasty During the Jiajing period (1522 AD) in the middle of the Dynasty, Shuangfeng Village had already prospered and had a dense population. The village could no longer accommodate it, so it had to spread to the surrounding areas and establish new villages. In this way, Shahu Village was established one after another. Isn’t it? A dream, absolutely not. Lan Yuhua told herself, tears welling up in her eyes. , Baji Village, Fanpo Village, Xinzhai Village, Bake Village, Libu Village, Zhaoqie became Ban Village. This is the birth of the mysterious “Seven Villages and Half” passed down through history. In order to worship their ancestors, Qizhaiban

discussed building a hand-waving hall in Shuangfeng Village. The groundbreaking ceremony was held on March 18, 1522 AD. The village owner Peng Jinmen first offered sacrifices to his ancestors, and then the village owners broke ground and laid the foundation. It was completed at the end of 1522.

Figure 14 Shuangfeng Village Waving Hand Hall

Picture source: Self-photographed by the author

What we are investigating is the third hand-waving hall in the history of Shuangfeng Village, which is still intact to this day. The hand-waving hall was built in 2000 and is located near the local Shuangfeng Village Primary School. It was completed with a 10,000 yuan investment from the Yongshun County Ethnic Affairs Bureau and the efforts of villagers in the village. The location of Waishou Hall is not far from the entrance of Shuangfeng Village and is also near the school, which makes it convenient for foreign tourists to visit and participate in activities. In addition, it can also provide tourists with a relatively open activity venue near the primary school. In the context of the region’s vigorous development of the entertainment and cultural industry, the newly built Waishou Hall has become an important cultural resource and cultural resource in the area.

The Shuangfeng Village Waishou Hall is mainly composed of Tuwang Temple. It is composed of four parts: the waving hand terrace, the corridor and the entrance gatehouse. It generally continues the typical mixed architectural style of Tujia people with brackets and beams. The shrine building has two floors, and is made of wood. It is about seven meters high and has a stone slab foundation. The four pillars on the ground floor support the main body of the building. There are niches in the inner hall to enshrine the statues of three gods or ancestors, namely Duke Peng, Xiang Laoguan and Tian Haohan. A wooden plaque of “Tuwang Temple” is hung in the middle of the hall and a side room. The cornice and wing corners are overhanging like a stilted building. Due to the need for necessary memorial ceremonies in the hall, the space required is large, so local craftsmen made necessary changes, integrating the bucket-through style of local residents and the beam-lifting style from other places. , both of which meet the need for large space. The entrance of the gatehouse outside the Waishoutang space has the words “Waishoutang”. The courtyard space between the gatehouse and Tuwang Temple is the Waishouping Ping. Its style and location have changed. This makes this hand-waving hall a combination of tradition and modernity [④]

Figure 15 Shuangfeng Village Waving Hands Hall

Picture source: Photographed by the author

Chapter 3 The evolution of the shape of the hand-waving hall

3.1 Shape characteristics

3.1.1 Three-dimensional characteristics

The three-dimensional shape of the hand-waving hall is mostly rectangular. According to different needs, there are some changes in the basic rectangle. The oldest three-dimensional shape of the hand-waving hall is a simple rectangle with a circle around it. The area of ​​the enclosing corridor is generally not very large, with a platform for worshiping the gods placed in the middle. Later, with the continuous development of economy and society, people’s needs and aesthetic changes, side rooms were added on both sides of the main body, so the area was larger. The three-dimensional bays are sometimes three-bay or five-bay. As a memorial place, the hand-waving hall should provide a place for villagers to hold memorial activities. . As a kind of collective behavior, memorial activities require special venues to carry out activities. Religious buildings such as the Hand-waving Hall and the Eight Great Temples are of greater symbolic significance than buildings. As the practical significance of space, or its practical value is its symbolic meaning, at the same time, the characteristics of the behavior further require the characteristics of the place. Tujia people dance in a certain dance step formation and dance together. The venue is required to have a considerable capacity, so there needs to be a square with a certain space in front of the waving hall.

A temple that can meet the needs of collective activities – both the square space of the venue and the waving hall. Unique shape. For the hand-waving hall that provides the “big hand-waving dance”, most of the hand-waving halls are in the form of gate towers or archways for the entrance and exit of performers and worshipers. For the Tuwang who performs the “small hand-waving dance” As far as ancestral temples are concerned, most of the waving halls are in the form of single-family buildings, used to worship statues of gods. .com/storage/article/Snipaste_2021-06-15_23-06-51.png!article_800_auto”>

3.1.2 Roof Shape

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Most of the roofs of Waishoutang are in the shape of double eaves on the top of the mountain. The four corners of the eaves are raised and the cornices are raised. As time goes by, the roof shape of Waishoutang becomes more and more deviated from its original shape. Forming a more majestic multi-layered roof

Before the reform, the second waving hand hall in Shuangfeng Village had a hilltop shape with double eaves and cornices. Three-dimensionally, it was surrounded by wooden boards It consists of a combined hall and an outer corridor. The middle hall is 4.3 meters wide, 3.6 meters deep and 6.4 meters high. It is dedicated to the three gods and has eight diagrams carved in the sky. The outer corridor is 1.2 meters wide and the two red pillars at the front door are decorated with coiled dragons. There is an eight-character facing door at the east corner of “Langchang”, with a single eaves on the top of a small rest, with a total height of 3.6 meters and a width of 4.04 meters. The middle door is only 2 × 2 meters high. There are no other installations in the field, so it is natural. [6]

The hand-waving hall in Laosicheng is based on the prototype of the second hand-waving hall in Shuangfeng Village 1Ethiopians Escort: 1.2 reduced construction. The basic shape has not changed, but the area and volume have been slightly expanded. It is the closest to the ancient system among the shapes we can refer to at present.

3.1.3 Structural characteristics

Modern wooden buildings in the south of my country, due to geographical conditions and the architectural style characteristics of the south, the south Most of the traditional wooden buildings in the country are of the bucket type, and the ancient hand-waving hall is no exception, and generally should not Ethiopia Sugar Daddy Dougong was used. Later, in order to meet people’s needs, it was necessary to expand the internal space, so local craftsmen made necessary changes, integrating the local folk structure with the beam-lifting structure from other places, taking into account both. The advantage is that it meets the needs of large space. Its style has given the hand-waving hall a symbol of the combination of tradition and modernity.

3.1.4 Facade form

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The original Waishoutang usually has a two-story roof on its facade, but the interior is usually one-story high. In modern and modern times, the newly built Waishoutang is in pursuit of grandeur. The visual effect is to stack the roof upwards to form a three- or even five-story roof, but the internal space is usually 1 to 2 stories.

3.2 Prediction of shape evolution.

3.2.1 Area expansion

Liye and Xichehe Waishoutang expanded the bays to five bays However, the Liye Wai Shou Hall was raised to five stories with double eaves and is still a full-height hall, while the Xichehe Wai Shou Hall was transformed into a two-story, three-story building with double eaves, and the bays on both sides were also converted into side rooms. 1.2 times smaller, the basic shape remains unchanged

3.2.2 Gorgeous shape

Except Lao Sicheng wave his handIn addition to the 1.2 times smaller version of the original Shuangfeng Village Wai Shou Hall, the other Wai Shou Halls have changed their shapes to become more complex and gorgeous, with double eaves and flying arches. In some places, brackets are even used. The structural forms are single and all serve the same purpose. Make the building appearance more solemn and gorgeous.

3.3 Reasons for the evolution of the system

3.3.1 Policy reasons

Tujia hand waving dance is a traditional sports and art activity widely popular in Tujia settlement areas. It is a comprehensive carrier of Tujia traditional civilization. It has extremely important social value in the social and historical development process of Tujia people. In 2005, it was listed as the first batch of intangible cultural heritage in my country by the State Council. As a national intangible cultural heritage, we should implement a comprehensive protection and development strategy from the perspective of safeguarding the diversity of national civilization and promoting the complete and healthy development of Tujia traditional civilization. The Waving Hall, an important place for promoting hand-waving dance, should also be protected and valued.

Most of the hand-waving halls in our country were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. In recent years, the government and the country have begun to pay attention to this architectural form, protecting original buildings and building new buildings in western Hunan. . The government’s support for its construction is one of the reasons for the revival and inheritance of Waishoutang architecture. Since it is difficult to find the Waoshoutang monument, “Mom, what’s wrong with you? Why are you always shaking your head?” Lan Yuhua asked. The shape of the Waishou Hall built now can only be restored based on the memories of old craftsmen, and the shape of the Waishou Hall is constantly changing.

3.3.2 Economic and technical reasons

Economic factors include production methods, industrial structure, economic systems, and circulation methods and other aspects related to material production, circulation, and exchange. It is not only the objective foundation for the development of human society, but also the superstructure, the necessary conditions for constructing and maintaining the operation of society. Therefore, it has a very great impact on architecture, the material carrier of human society. Modern urbanization, intensive performance zoning and Ethiopians Sugardaddy‘s unprecedented variety of spatial form types are adapted to performance differentiation and class under the influence of economic reasons. Differentiated needs. In addition to macroeconomic concepts, the specific economic conditions of each household directly affect the presentation of the building. [7]

With the continuous development of economy and technology, the funds for the construction of Waishoutang have become more abundant, the technical means of construction have become more mature, the construction speed has accelerated, and the construction has become more mature. Complex and beautiful architectural three-dimensional and facades are no longeris the problem. With the support of funds and technical means, and based on the old craftsmen’s memories of the original Wai Shou Hall, the new Wai Shou Hall is more precise and faster. Of course, there are also some works composed in pursuit of rapid “formalization”.

3.3.3 Aesthetic reasons

Architectural beauty is a value existence, not a material existence. Architectural aesthetic activities are people’s life experience activities and emotional value activities towards buildings. Architectural aesthetic subjects generally refer to people who are in architectural aesthetic activities. In architectural aesthetic activities, the aesthetic subject plays a leading role, which is also the key to the occurrence of architectural aesthetic activities. To put it simply, it is because of the aesthetic subject that there are aesthetic activities and the existence of beauty. [8]

Modern architecture uses certain technical means, based on the characteristics of different materials, and uses reasonable and beautiful proportions and standards to create the artistic image of the building. At present, it is a common phenomenon for more people to pursue tall, majestic and majestic architectural images. The evolution trend of hand-waving halls is gradually approaching more majestic and magnificent artistic abstractions, which is also closely related to the changes in contemporary people’s aesthetic requirements for architecture.

3.3.4 Commercial reasons

Xiangxi Prefecture has rich historical culture, rich national customs and unique The mountains and rivers are beautiful, and the Longshan and Yongshun areas we visited this time are rich in tourism resources. There are waving hands hall buildings in Laosicheng, the ruins of the ancient city of Liye during the Warring States period and other places. Xiangxi Prefecture is the only region in Hunan Province that has entered the country’s western development. The People’s Government of Xiangxi Prefecture has seized the historical opportunity of the western development and made the strategy of promoting the tourism industry one of the six major development strategies in the state. The rapid development of the tourism industry must continuously develop the local architectural culture. As a traditional local architectural form, the hand-waving hall continues to develop. While showing people the architectural style, it also promotes the local Tujia culture to tourists. In order to cater to the needs of tourists and the entertainment industry, the shape and internal functions of the Waishoutang have also undergone certain changes.

3.3.5 Reasons for Civilization

Waishoutang is a material civilization that integrates material and non-material characteristics. As a spiritual carrier, it carries the religious beliefs, traditional customs and values ​​of the Tujia people, so it has special attributes that are different from other buildings. First of all, it has a public character, which is one of the characteristics that distinguishes it from ordinary civilian residences. Although the architectural form of Waishoutang has certain similarities with traditional folk houses, at the same time, as a public activity space, it has a public character that folk houses do not have. In terms of application, Waishoutang belongs to the collective. On the one hand, it is a public place for all villagers to participate in various collective ceremonial activities. On the other hand, it has the social function of an ancestral hall and is the embodiment of clan collective consciousness and group ethics. manifestation. Secondly, the entertainment aspect of Waishou Hall is also one of the characteristics that distinguishes it from ordinary ancestral halls. pendulumThe waving square of the hand hall often becomes a good place for everyone to gather and communicate in daily life. It is accessible to everyone, regardless of gender. In addition to the solemn memorial ceremony among the collective activities held in the Waving Hand Hall, activities such as hand-waving dance and Maogusi are highly public entertainment. Finally, its sanctity differs from that of theater rain. On the one hand, the purpose of the performance activities held in the Hand-Waving Hall is different from that of the performances in the theater, and it is not the ultimate goal of viewing; on the other hand, the architectural shape of the Hand-Waving Hall is not conducive to viewing. More importantly, the Waishou Hall itself has a sanctity and seriousness that the theater does not possess. Although the activities it accommodates are performative and spectatorial to a certain extent, their essence is sacred and has the connotation of the traditional religious appeal of the nation and has the connotation of sacrificial culture. Temperamental Characteristics of Material CivilizationEthiopia Sugar DaddyCharacteristics. Therefore, the Waving Hand Hall has become a sacred place for people to gather religious ideas and express national emotions, and has become a unique symbol that distinguishes this ethnic group from other ethnic groups.

French sociologist Nora proposed the concept of “memory place” in the 1980s to refer to those people in the process of transition from traditional society to modern society. , some material relics that carry people’s collective memory, and turn them into collective and past symbols by giving them a certain meaning. Although it is not very appropriate to use this concept to compare the architectural form of Waishoutang, for the Tujia people, Waishoutang is a memory carrier carrying special historical and civilizational significance. The Ethiopia Sugardaddy handbag has irreplaceable importance, which is also the reason why it can continue to be passed down and developed. [9]

Chapter 4 Existing problems, protection and development

4.1 Existing Problems

On the one hand, with the profoundness of Han civilization, some ethnic minorities have Religious culture and religious beliefs were gradually “Chinese”, and some religious buildings of ethnic minorities gradually disappeared. On the other hand, with the development of the tourism industry in western Hunan, religious buildings of ethnic minorities have gradually emerged in recent years, but the results are not satisfactory. The shape of the hand-waving halls in some tourist attractions is exaggerated, which is very inconsistent with the original architectural form. Some even have the original function of the hand-waving hallsEthiopians Escort It has been weakened and used as a stage and backstage in the scenic area, and is just the shell of a waving hall. [10] Secondly, there is no corresponding system standard, Ethiopia Sugar DaddyIt is difficult to protect and repair some hand-waving halls. When building and developing new hand-waving halls, they are often built because there are no relevant regulations and departments. There are exaggerated hand-waving halls that are not suitable for the ancient style. Moreover, our country has very little funding for buildings with national protected buildings and below, and repairs are not easy. Although there are very few hand-waving halls that are completely preserved, if Failure to protect will only lead to worse consequences

4.2 Protection and development

1. Support from relevant departments.

The most complete way to protect the building is to repair it completely according to the original ET EscortsReplica, but the current national allocation for the protection of buildings of this size is much less than expected. The lack of funds makes it impossible to strengthen the management and maintenance of key cultural relics and ancient buildings, and most of the Shanshou Hall is now completely preserved. They have been demolished or renovated or even rebuilt. However, if they are not protected now, it is expected that these buildings will disappear in many years. Relevant departments can protect these buildings in a timely manner and at the same time protect a kind of civilization.

Due to the regulation of tourism development. The tourism industry in Xiangxi is developing year by year. From the perspective of tourists, coming to Xiangxi is to pursue a travel experience that is different from ordinary life brought by ethnic minorities or religious culture. This has led to Ethiopians Escort People in the region took advantage of the news and worked hard to innovate traditional religious architecture and build various ethnic-style buildings. However, the results were incompatible with the original style of the building. Seriously inconsistent. Such developmental damage in economic construction is not only a deception of tourists, but also a destruction of civilization. I hope that people can think calmly while developing tourism. The future needs not only to develop the economy, but also to protect it. These are the carriers of civilization.

3. The strengthening of mass consciousness

Due to people’s awareness of protecting and replacing new materials. It is weak, lacks correct cognition, and has no clear development direction. People only know one part of the original hand-waving hall but not the other part. Strengthening people’s awareness of the protection of civilization and traditional architecture is helpful from a humanistic perspective. Protect Waishoutang more comprehensively

Chapter 5 Summary

5.1 The shape characteristics of the hand-waving hall

1) The three-dimensional shape of the hand-waving hall is mostly rectangular. There is a gallery (front terrace), or it is surrounded by a circle of galleries. There is a pedestal for worshiping the gods in the hall.

2) Most of the roofs of Waishoutang are in the shape of double eaves on the top of the mountain. The beam is held up directly.

3) The traditional waving hall is the same as the traditional folk house in the south. It is in the cross-bucket style due to the characteristics of the region.

4) Most of the facades have double eaves, three bays, a platform, or secondary steps around the perimeter.

5.2 The religious and civilized effectiveness of the Waving Hall

There is an inseparable relationship between the Waving Hall and the hand-waving dance. As a kind of building, the hand-waving hall has materiality; while the hand-waving dance has the non-materiality of civilization. The performance of the hand-waving hall combines its materiality and non-materiality, making the hand-waving hall serve as a material carrier for the non-material civilization of hand-waving dance. The hand-waving dance reflects the religious beliefs, customs and historical civilization of the Tujia people, thus giving the hand-waving hall unique functional attributes.

1) Public personality. Tujia waving hands hall is similar in shape to traditional Tujia houses, but its public character makes it different from ordinary houses. First of all, the construction of the Hand-waving Hall is the result of the collective efforts of the masses; secondly, in terms of use, it is also for the common use of the whole village.

2) Entertainment. Some people think that Waishoutang is actually equivalent to the ancestral hall building of Tujia people. This view is actually somewhat one-sided. Because the Waving Hall is not a place that cannot be visited in daily life, men, women, and children can also enter and exit the Waving Hall in daily life. Hand-waving dances, Maogus and other highly entertaining activities are also held here. Therefore, compared with ordinary ancestral hall buildings, the Waishou Hall is a little more entertaining.

3) Sacredness. The nature of the waving hall is different from that of a theater. On the one hand, the activities performed in the Hand-Waving Hall are not aimed at spectatorship; on the other hand, the architectural form of Ethiopians Sugardaddy It is also not suitable for viewing. The only place where you can view it is the waving square in front of the building. The Waving Hands Hall has become a sacred place for people to gather religious ideas and express their national feelings. Ethiopians Escort A unique symbol that distinguishes other ethnic groups.

Comments:

[1] The toast system is a continuation of the Jisi system in the Tang Dynasty. It gradually evolved into the toast system in the Yuan Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the toast system reached the peak of cooking skills, but it is still possible to help Caiyi. You are right next to it. I told you not to touch your hands. “To its peak. The chieftain system is a means of coordinating the indigenous local leaders in the northeastern border areas who are unable to be taken care of by the central government. It “ruls the local people with local officials”, recognizes the hereditary status of the leaders of various ethnic minorities, and gives them official positions. In order to rule indirectly, the imperial edicts of the imperial court were not actually implemented.

[2] The hand-waving dance is a traditional dance of the Tujia people, such as the hunting dance. It expresses hunting Ethiopia Sugar movements and simulates animal movements. It is divided into two types: big hand waving and small waving hand, which is called “hand waving” in Tujia language. Sevbax (Sheba)” or “Sevbaxbax (Sheba)”; wave your hands, and it is called Yevtixhhex (Ye Tihei) in Tujia language. It integrates dance art and physical fitness, and is known as “Oriental Disco”. Listed in China The first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list

[3] Extracted from https://www.sohu.com/a/334335065_209323. The ancient agricultural vehicle waving hall

[4] Changes in the Hand-Waving Hall in Shuangfeng Village, Western Hunan and Tujia Group Activities_Liu Jun

[5] Quoted from [中] Zhang Yuanbo: “Comparative Study on the Primitive Religious Architecture of the Miao and Tujia Nationalities in Western Hunan”, Vol. Page 33

[6] Quoted from [中] Zhou Ting: “Research on the Adaptive Mechanism of the Evolution of Tujia Architecture in Western Hunan”, page 146

[7] Quoted from [中] ] Zhou Ting: “Research on the Adaptive Mechanism of the Evolution of Tujia Architecture in Western Hunan”, page 49

[8] Quoted from [中] “Architectural Aesthetics – Life is Art”

[9] Quoted from [Chinese] Liu Jun: “The Changes of the Hand-waving Hall in Shuangfeng Village, Western Hunan and the Group Activities of the Tujia Nationality”

[10] Quoted from [Chinese] Zhang Yuanbo: “The Miao and Tujia Nationalities in Western Hunan” Comparative Study on Family Primitive Religious Architecture”, page 5ET Escorts 6 pages

Responsibility Editor: Jinfu